References

[1] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Environmental Investments: The Cost of a Clean Environment, EPA-230-11-90-083, November 1990.

[2] Schmalensee, Richard. "The Costs of Environmental Protection," in Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Goals Monograph Series on Tax and Environmental Policies and U.S. Economic Growth, American Council for Capital Formation, Washington, D.C., May 1994; Jaffe, Adam B., Steven R. Peterson, Paul R. Portney, and Robert N. Stavins. "Environmental Regulation and the Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?" Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXIII (March 1995), pp. 132-163.

[3] Gray, W.B., and R.J. Shadbegian 1994. "Pollution Abatement Costs, Regulation, and Plant-Level Productivity," Discussion Paper, U.S. Department of Commerce, Center for Economic Studies.

[4] The data have been collected historically by the Census Bureau, Department of Commerce, using the MA-200

survey. Unfortunately, the Census discontinued this survey of pollution control and abatement expenditures several years ago due to budget cutbacks, although plans have been made to restart the survey in the near future.

[5] Cropper, Maureen L., and Wallace E. Oates. "Environmental Economics: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXX (June 1992), pp. 675-740; Hazilla, Michael, and Raymond J. Kopp. "The Social Costs of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium Analysis," Journal of Political Economy, 1990, Vol. 98, pp. 853-873.

[6] Morgenstern, Richard D., William A. Pizer, and Jhih-Shyang Shih. "Are We Overestimating the Real Economic Costs of Environmental Protection?" RFF Discussion Paper 97-36-REV, June 1997.

[7] U.S Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1996, Washington, D.C., 1996.

[8] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Pollution Abatement and Control Expenditure in OECD Countries Environment Monograph, OECD/GD(96)50, Paris, 1996.

[9] U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Report to Congress on the Costs and Benefits of Federal Regulations

, September 30, 1997.

[10] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970 to 1990, prepared for the U.S. Congress by EPA Office of Air and Radiation/Office of Policy Analysis and Review and Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation/Office of Economy and Environment October 1997.

[11] Hahn, Robert W. "Regulatory Reform: What Do the Government's Numbers Tell Us?" American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., Conference Paper on Reviving Regulatory Reform, 1996.

[12] See Viscusi, W.K., "The Value of Risks to Life and Health" Journal of Economic Literature 31:1912-1946, 1993, for a summary of estimates of the value of a statistical life.

[13] Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Industry Technology and the Environment: Competitive Challenges and Business Opportunities OTA-ITE-586 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office), January 1994. Expenditures and costs as reported by industry to the U.S. Census Bureau.

[14] Goodstein, E.B. "Jobs or the Environment? No Trade-off" Challenge (January-February 1995) pp. 41-45. Data are originally from U.S. Department of Labor, Mass Layoffs in 1987-1990. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletins 2395, 2375, 2310.

[15] Goodstein, E.B. "Jobs and the Environment: The Myth of a National Trade-Off," Economic Policy Institute Monograph, 1994.

[16] Jaffe, Adam B., Steven R. Peterson, Paul R. Portney, and Robert N. Stavins. "Environmental Regulation and the Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?" Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXIII (March 1995), pp.132-163.

[17] Friedman, Joseph, Daniel A. Gerlowski, and Jonathan Silberman. "What Attracts Foreign Multinational Corporations? Evidence from Branch Plant Location in the United States," Journal of Regulatory Science, November 1992, 32(4), pp. 403-418; Papke, James A., and Leslie E. Papke. "Measuring Differential State-Local Tax Liabilities and their Implications for Business Investment Location," National Tax Journal, Vol. XXXIX, No. 3, pp. 357-366, 1986; Papke, Leslie E. "Interstate Business Tax Differentials and New Firm Location: Evidence from Panel Data," Journal of Public Economics 45 (1991) pp. 47-68; Levinson, Arik. “Environmental Regulations and Manufacturers’ Location Choices: Evidence from Census of Manufacturers," Columbia University Working Paper, 1992; and McConnell, Virginia D., and Schwab, Robert. "The Impact of Environmental Regulation on Industry Location Decisions: The Motor Vehicle Industry." February 1990, 66 (1), pp. 67-81.

[18] For example, Hazilla, Michael, and Raymond J. Kopp. "The Social Costs of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium Analysis," Journal of Political Economy, 1990, Vol. 98, pp. 853-873, and Jorgenson, Dale W., and Peter Wilcoxen. "Environmental Regulation and U.S. Economic Growth" RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 21, No. 2, Summer 1990, pp. 314-340.

[19] Dale W., and Peter Wilcoxen. "Environmental Regulation and U.S. Economic Growth" RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 21, No. 2, Summer 1990, p. 153

[20] Nestor, Deborah Vaughn and Carl A. Pasurka, Jr. "CGE model of pollution abatement processes for assessing the economic effects of environmental policy" Economic Modeling 12 (1) (1995), pp. 53-93.

[21] Gillis, Tom, McGartland, Albert, Nestor, Deborah Vaughn, Pasurka, Carl A. Jr, and Lanelle Bembenek Wiggins. "The Social Costs and Benefits of Air Quality Management Programs: A General Equilibrium Approach" Paper presented at the Southern Economic Association Convention, November 23-25, 1996, and Ostro, Bart D. "The Effects of Air Pollution on Work Loss and Morbidity", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 10, pp. 371-382, 1983.

References

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